Sharp R-899S Instrukcja Użytkownika Pobierz pdf (Strona 2)

temperature of 0 °C around an inner shell filled with ice. In the

core of the inner shell was a wire cage housing a guinea pig. As

theice melted fromthe heatproduced by theguinea pig, thewater

flowed out of the calorimeter and was collected and weighed.

Each kilogram of melted ice water represented 80 kcal heat given

off by the animal. Lavoisier noted that, in 10 h, the guinea pig

melted 0.37 kg ice, thus producing 29.6 kcal heat (0.37 kg ҂

80 kcal heat/kg). He concluded, “la respiration est donc une

combustion.” That is, respiratory gas exchange is a combustion,

like that of a candle burning.

TABLE 1

Comparison of weight losses attained with consumption of high-protein (HP) and/or low-carbohydrate (LC) diets with those attained with consumptionof

high-carbohydrate (HC) and/or low-fat (LF) diets

Study (reference) Subjects HP and/or LC diet HC and/or LF diet

Length of

study Mean weight loss

Ad libitum energy intake

Foster et al, 2003 (10) 63 obese men and

women aged 앒44 y

(49 completed 12

wk, 42 completed 24

wk, and 37

completed 52 wk)

Total dietary energy intake

not reported; subjects

instructed to follow

Atkins diet (1). Intake

ad libitum.

Total dietary energy intake not

reported; men and women instructed

to consume 1500–1800 and 1200–

1500 kcal/d, respectively; both

15%P, 25%F, 60%C.

52 HP diet for 12 wk, 6.7 kg; HC diet

for 12 wk, 2.6 kg; difference: P

҃ 0.001

HP diet for 24 wk, 6.9 kg; HC diet

for 24 wk, 3.1 kg; difference: P

҃ 0.02

HP diet for 52 wk, 4.3 kg; HC diet

for 52 wk, 2.4 kg; difference: P

҃ 0.26

Samaha et al, 2003 (13) 132 severely obese men

and women aged

54 앐 9

y (79

completed 24 wk)

1630 앐 894 kcal/d (22%P,

41%F, 37%C); intake

ad libitum.

1576 앐 760 kcal/d (16%P, 33%F,

51%C); intake fixed.

24 HP diet, 5.8 앐 8.6 kg; HC diet, 1.9

앐 4.2 kg; difference: P ҃ 0.002

Skov et al, 1999 (11) 50 overweight and

obese men and

women aged 18–55 y

(46 completed 24 wk)

0–12 wk, 2055 kcal/d

(25%P, 29%F, 46%C);

12–24 wk, 2223 kcal/d

(24%P, 29%F, 47%C);

intake ad libitum.

0–12 wk, 2533 kcal/d; 12–24 wk, 2677

kcal/d; both phases 12%P, 29%F,

59%C; intake ad libitum.

24 HP diet for 12 wk, 7.5 kg; HC diet

for 12 wk, 5.0 kg; difference: P

쏝 0.02

HP diet for 24 wk, 8.7 kg; HC diet

for 24 wk, 5.0 kg; difference: P

҃ 0.0002

Brehm et al, 2003 (12) 53 obese women aged

31–59 y (42

completed 24 wk)

12 wk, 1156 kcal/d (28%P,

57%F, 15%C), 24 wk,

1302 kcal/d (23%P,

46%F, 30%C); intake

ad libitum.

12 wk, 1245 kcal/d (18%P, 28%F,

54%C); 24 wk, 1247 kcal/d (18%P,

29%F, 53%C); intake fixed.

24 HP diet for 12 wk, 7.6 앐 0.7 kg;

HC diet for 12 wk, 4.2 앐 0.8

kg; difference: P 쏝 0.001

HP diet for 24 wk, 8.5 앐 1.0 kg;

HC diet for 24 wk, 3.9 앐 1.0

kg; difference: P 쏝 0.001

Fixed energy intake

Luscombe et al, 2003 (16) 36 obese men and

women aged 34–65 y

Energy restriction for 12

wk, 1520 kcal/d energy

balanced for 4 wk, 1928

kcal/d; both phases

27%P, 27%F, 45%C.

Energy restriction for 12 wk, 1592

kcal/d (16%P, 27%F, 57%C) energy

balanced for 4 wk, 1968 kcal/d

(15%P, 28%F, 57%C).

16 HP diet, 7.9 앐 1.1 kg (x៮ 앐 SEM);

HC diet, 8.0 앐 0.7 kg;

difference: NS

Luscombe et al, 2002 (18) 32 obese men and

women aged 앒63 y

(26 completed 8 wk)

Energy restriction for 8

wk, 1585 앐 42 kcal/d

(x៮ 앐 SEM; 28%P,

28%F, 45%C); energy

balanced for 4 wk,

1844 앐 78 kcal/d

(28%P, 28%F, 43%C).

Energy restriction for 8 wk, 1583 앐 62

kcal/d (x៮ 앐 SEM; (16%P, 26%F,

55%C); energy balanced for 4 wk,

1777 앐 130 kcal/d (16%P, 26%F,

56%C).

12 HP diet, 4.9 앐 0.4 kg (x៮ 앐 SEM);

HC diet, 4.3 앐 0.7 kg;

difference: P ҃ 0.6

Layman et al, 2003 (15) 24 overweight women

aged 45–56 y

1670 앐 47 kcal/d (x៮ 앐

SEM; 30%P, 29%F,

41%C)

1659 앐 40 kcal/d (x៮ 앐 SEM; 16%P,

12%F, 58%C)

10 HP diet, 7.5 앐 1.4 kg (x៮ 앐 SEM);

HC diet, 7.0 앐 1.4 kg;

difference: NS

Baba et al, 1999 (14) 13 obese men 앒1790 kcal/d (45%P,

30%F, 25%C)

앒1763 kcal/d (12%P, 30%F, 58%C) 4 HP diet, 8.3 앐 0.7 kg (x៮ 앐 SEM);

HC diet, 6.0 앐 0.6 kg;

difference: P 쏝 0.05

Piatti et al, 1994 (17) 30 obese women aged

40 앐 3 y (25

completed 3 wk)

800 kcal/d (45%P, 20%F,

35%C)

800 kcal/d (20%P, 20%F, 60%C) 3 HP diet, 4.5 앐 0.4 kg (x៮ 앐 SEM);

HC diet, 6.4 앐 0.9 kg;

difference: NS

P, dietary protein; F, dietary fat; C, dietary carbohydrate. Intakes of P, F, and C are expressed as percentages of total energy intake.

For at least one intervention group.

x៮ 앐 SD (all such values) unless otherwise noted.

For both intervention groups.

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